In this introductory chapter, we first describe the historical perspective related to both wireless and optical communication systems and describe various generations, from early beginning until today. After that we describe the fundamentals of optical systems and networks, including WDM network architecture, typical optical networking architecture, bit rates for synchronous/asynchronous optical communication systems, and wavelength regions for fiber-optics communications. In the same section, we briefly describe various multiplexing schemes such as time-division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), subcarrier multiplexing (SCM), code-division multiplexing (CDM), polarization-division multiplexing (PDM), and spatial-division multiplexing (SDM). We also identify the main noise sources and optical channel impairments, in particular of importance for fiber-optics communications. After that the key optical devises and modules are identified and briefly described. In section related to wireless communications fundamentals, we describe a typical wireless communication point-to-point link and identify key devices/subsystems with brief description of operational principles. The multiaccess communications are then described with key problems being identified. Further, various effects affecting the received power are described including path loss, shadowing, and multipath fading. We also introduce various approaches to deal with multipath fading including orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal processing, equalization, and adaptive modulation and coding. The MIMO operation principle is briefly described next. Finally, the cellular concept is introduced. In section on organization of the book, the detailed description of chapters is provided. Final section provides some relevant concluding remarks.
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