The symptoms of psoriasis can sometimes go through cycles, flaring for a few weeks or months followed by periods when they subside or go into remission. There are many ways to treat psoriasis, and your treatment plan will depend on the type and severity of disease. Most forms of psoriasis are mild or moderate and can be successfully treated with creams or ointments. Managing common triggers, such as stress and skin injuries, can also help keep the symptoms under control.
Pustular psoriasis is a rare, immune-mediated systemic skin disorder characterized by yellowish pustules on an erythematous base with a variety of clinical presentations and distribution patterns. Pustular psoriasis is considered a variant of psoriasis vulgaris. The pustules can be widespread or localized and are characterized by a sterile, predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate. This activity reviews the pathophysiology of pustular psoriasis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management.
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Objectives:Recall the etiology of pustular psoriasis.Describe the presentation of pustular psoriasis.Summarize the treatment options for pustular psoriasis.Review the importance of improving care coordination among interprofessional team members to improve outcomes for patients affected by pustular psoriasis.Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Pustular psoriasis is a rare, immune-mediated systemic skin disorder characterized by yellowish pustules on an erythematous base with a variety of clinical presentations and distribution patterns.[1] Pustular psoriasis is considered a variant of psoriasis vulgaris. The pustules can be widespread or localized and are characterized by a sterile predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate. Unlike chronic plaque psoriasis (the most common variant of psoriasis vulgaris), lesions of pustular psoriasis are often tender to palpation.[2] Pustular psoriasis can be further subdivided based on the clinical presentation and the location of pustules.
Pustular psoriasis occurs in genetically susceptible individuals and can be triggered by certain risk factors leading to psoriasiform changes and marked neutrophil accumulation in the epidermis.[3] Patients with pustular psoriasis have an increased frequency of the HLA-B27 allele compared to the general population. Most cases of pustular psoriasis are idiopathic, however, risk factors that may have a role in the etiology of pustular psoriasis include [4][5]:
Pustular psoriasis is a rare disease. It affects both children and adults in a bimodal age distribution. In the adult age group, the disorder appears between ages 40 to 50, whereas in the pediatric age group, it tends to present in infancy. Asians tend to be more affected than Caucasians.[6] Women and men are affected equally. The pustular variants of psoriasis represent approximately 1% of all clinical cases of psoriasis vulgaris.[5]
The exact pathogenesis of pustular psoriasis has not been fully elucidated. However, based on the expression of certain cytokines and responses to specific medications, several mechanisms have been proposed. A combination of genetic susceptibility and exposure to certain inciting factors (e.g., withdrawal of systemic corticosteroids) lead to an upregulation of specific cytokines and accumulation of neutrophils in the epidermis.[5] Additionally, dermal dendritic cells release elastase, which may play a role in the formation of pustules.[7] Both pustular psoriasis and chronic plaque psoriasis exhibit overexpression of IL-1, IL-17, IL-23, IL-36, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. However, the expression of IL-1 and IL-36 are more prominent in pustular psoriasis. Studies have also identified an IL-36 receptor antagonist deficiency in patients with pustular psoriasis and patients with pustular psoriasis have also been successfully treated with a novel monoclonal antibody against the IL-36 receptor.[8] Therefore, IL-36 likely plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of pustular psoriasis.
Many of the histopathological features of pustular psoriasis mimic that of psoriasis vulgaris, including retention of the nuclei in the stratum corneum (parakeratosis), a thick stratum spinosum (hyperkeratosis), elongation of the rete ridges, reduced stratum granulosum, and thinning of the suprapapillary epidermis.[5] In addition to the classic histologic features of psoriasis vulgaris, there is also a prominent neutrophilic infiltrate in the papillary dermis and epidermis, causing basal keratinocytes to herniate into the papillary dermis disrupting desmosomal junctions of keratinocytes (spongiosis), and leading to the development of superficial micro-abscesses.[9] Neutrophilic infiltration of the epidermis is more prominent in pustular psoriasis than other variants of psoriasis vulgaris.
Pustular psoriasis starts as red papules or plaques that quickly evolve into yellowish, superficial pustules on a background of erythema. The generalized von Zumbusch subtype usually presents with systemic symptoms like fever, joint pain, headaches, and leukocytosis. In contrast, the exanthematic subtype presents as an acute pustular eruption without systemic symptoms. The annular subtype is seen more frequently in children as annular lesions with pustules along the advancing edge.[10] Acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau affects the finger, toes, and nailbeds. Palmoplantar psoriasis, which can be seen as part of SAPHO syndrome, affects the palms and soles.
Patients with suspected pustular psoriasis require careful evaluation, as the von Zumbusch subtype can be life-threatening. Laboratory investigations should include a complete blood count (CBC) to evaluate for leukocytosis, an electrolyte panel to assess for hypocalcemia, and a liver panel to assess for transaminitis. A pregnancy test should be ordered in all women of childbearing age. A punch biopsy can be performed in equivocal cases. Cultures of weeping lesions may be useful to exclude primary or secondary infections.
The first step in managing cases of pustular psoriasis is identifying disease triggers, such as an underlying infection. Generalized pustular psoriasis (e.g., von Zumbusch subtype) may require admission to the hospital. Systemic symptoms including fever and joint pain will require treatment with antipyretics and anti-inflammatory medications. Disease-specific medications including systemic retinoids (acitretin, isotretinoin), methotrexate, cyclosporine, and infliximab are considered first-line in adult patients. In pediatric patients, acitretin, cyclosporine, methotrexate, and etanercept are preferred.[11]
Recent reports indicate the successful use of IL-1 receptor antagonists (e.g., anakinra) and IL-36 receptor antagonists in treating pustular psoriasis.[8] Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against the IL-6 receptor, has also shown efficacy in some recalcitrant cases of pustular psoriasis.[14]
Pustular psoriasis is a chronic disease marked by recurrent episodes or flares. Treatment is aimed to shorten the duration of relapse, prevent complications, and extend disease-free periods. Compared to other subtypes, the von Zumbusch subtype of pustular psoriasis has a higher risk of mortality because of systemic involvement, especially with underlying comorbidities, such as cancer, renal failure, or liver failure. The localized subtypes of pustular psoriasis have a much lower risk of mortality.
Patients with psoriasis should be educated to avoid abrupt steroid withdrawal, which can trigger episodes of pustular psoriasis. Flaccid lesions should be treated with proper wound care to avoid complications and secondary infections.
Management of pustular psoriasis requires an interprofessional team approach, including providers from primary care, dermatology, and infectious disease. A detailed history and complete physical examination are critical in diagnosing cases of pustular psoriasis. A dermatologist can help in the initial diagnostic workup and to assess for complications. Depending on the surface area involved, admission to the hospital may be required (e.g., von Zumbusch subtype). In equivocal cases, a biopsy can be performed, as the differential diagnosis for pustulosis is rather vast. Treatment is targeted to prevent relapses and shorten the duration of flares.
Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, chronic, and severe inflammatory skin disorder characterized by sudden eruption of sterile pustules, often accompanied by systemic inflammation. GPP flares can be life-threatening if untreated, owing to potential serious complications such as sepsis and cardiovascular failure. Diagnosis and clinical measurement of disease severity in GPP are often difficult. Lack of standardized criteria in the international guidelines and the heterogeneity of cutaneous and extracutaneous symptoms make the diagnosis of GPP difficult. Clinical criteria for description and diagnosis of pustular conditions, including GPP, are variable and there is no specific agreement on commonly sustained concepts. Differentiation of GPP from other similar conditions/diseases is important and requires careful assessments. The evidence that supports current topical or systemic therapies is largely based on case reports and small studies. Some biologic agents that target key cytokines involved in the activation of inflammatory pathways have been used as treatments for GPP. Recently, spesolimab, an IL-36R antagonist, has been approved in the USA and Japan for the treatment of GPP flares in adults, but there are no currently approved treatments for GPP in Europe. The IL-36 pathway has recently emerged as a central axis driving the pathogenic inflammatory mechanisms of GPP. Biologic agents that inhibit the IL-36 pathway have shown efficacy and safety in patients with GPP, addressing a generally considered unmet medical need.
The objective of the present paper is to conduct a semi-structured literature review on epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of GPP. The MEDLINE database was searched via PubMed to retrieve relevant articles on generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), using appropriate controlled vocabulary. Variants, subtypes, and synonyms were included (e.g., impetigo herpetiformis, extensive pustular psoriasis, and Von Zumbusch psoriasis), and MESH (Medical Subject Headings) terms were preferred. A first search retrieved 524 articles. After applying a language filter (only English and Spanish languages were allowed) and a 5-year time limit, we identified 215 articles. 2ff7e9595c
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